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You enjoy unexpected opportunities for meeting people, or doing things on the spur of the moment.You have a desire for association with people and, since you have no difficulty in being spontaneous and expressive with others, you have considerable ability for discussion and debate.Your first name of Kipper has given you a quick, active mind, which has caused you to delve into many different ideas and theories.He is the author or coauthor of several books, including Chronological and Background Charts of the Old Testament and the forthcoming A Survey of the Old Testament (Third Edition). Walton (PhD, Hebrew Union College) teaches Old Testament at Wheaton College Graduate School. 3:16 6:19), the blood of Christ cleanses us from all sin, preparing us to become sacred space housing the presence of God. One final note of interest-just as in the Old Testament the blood eliminated the defilement on the sancta so that God’s presence could be preserved, so when we are ready to become the temple (1 Cor. As Hebrews indicates, the blood of bulls and goats could never take away sin, but it could restore the purity of the sancta and thus provide a means for the people to enter into the relationship that God had made possible through the covenant. The end result of kipper is that the person bringing the sacrifice may then be forgiven, i.e., restored to relationship. It may be more appropriate to consider this act closer to what we call justification, accomplished by means of expiation, rather than atonement. The sacrifices that did this most often had their effect, then, on the sancta, not on the person, suggesting that it restored the sancta to its pristine state as if the defilement had never occurred. Thus the blood is an agent of elimination, and when it does so, this act is described as kipper. The blood accomplishes kipper by eliminating that defilement. It is applied because there has been some desecration or defilement of the sancta through impurity or sin. In context, this verbal action is accomplished by applying blood to something sacred (sancta). This means that the "literal" meaning "cover" has been imported from a different root and should be discarded. This is the root used in Genesis 6, as the context indicates, and is a totally different root (though a homonym) from the ritual texts that use the piel. In a related Semitic language, Akkadian, we find that the root kpr is used for covering with tar/tarring. If they are homonyms, they definitely should not be treated together, and, in this case, that is precisely what we have. Both use the root kpr, but one has to be careful about the possibility that there are two separate roots (homonyms that would typically be designated kpr I and kpr II). Genesis 6 uses the stem called the qal (and is the only occurrence of a qal). The ritual contexts use the stem referred to as the piel.
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Here is a case in point for that caution. In a word study of a verb, each stem must be treated as a separate word until study suggests that the meanings of each stem are directly related to one another. In the blogs of the last few weeks we have been discussing the Hebrew stems. Here, however, we have to proceed with caution. It is not uncommon to hear that atonement (and thus kipper) means most literally "to cover." How is that conclusion arrived at? The most frequent evidence given in support of this understanding is from Genesis 6:14. This immediately raises a question-how could one "atone" the altar? We find that the agent of kipper is most often the blood of the sacrificed animal, and that is going to be key.īut before we proceed, there is an interesting side note that must be addressed. Most commonly the grammatical structure indicates that kipper will be done to a sacred object (e.g., altar, veil, mercy seat) on behalf of an individual or group. When we begin to explore the contextual situation of this verb, we should particularly note the grammatical objects and indirect objects. In our discussion several weeks ago of Cain and Abel’s sacrifice, we made passing reference to the Hebrew word kipper usually translated as "atone for." In fact, however, this is a complicated ritual term that needs close examination.
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